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49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war.
*1645 – Archbishop William Laud is beheaded at the Tower of London.
*1776 – Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense.
*1812 – The first steamboat on the Ohio River or the Mississippi River arrives in New Orleans, 82 days after departing from Pittsburgh.
*1870 – John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil.
*1920 – The Treaty of Versailles takes effect, ending World War I.
*1927 – Fritz Lang’s futuristic film Metropolis is released in Germany.
*1962 – Apollo program: NASA announces plans to build the C-5 rocket launch vehicle, which became known as the Saturn V Moon rocket, which launched every Apollo Moon mission.
*1990 – Time Warner is formed by the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications.
*Births
*1573 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624)
*1780 – Martin Lichtenstein, German physician and explorer (d. 1857)
*1887 – Robinson Jeffers, American poet and philosopher (d. 1962)
*1924 – Max Roach, American drummer and composer (d. 2007)
*1945 – Rod Stewart, English singer-songwriter
*1953 – Bobby Rahal, American race car driver
*Deaths
*1276 – Pope Gregory X (b. 1210)
*1778 – Carl Linnaeus, Swedish botanist and physician (b. 1707)
*1917 – Buffalo Bill, American soldier and hunter (b. 1846)
*1961 – Dashiell Hammett, detective novelist and screenwriter (b. 1894)
*1967 – Charles E. Burchfield, American painter (b. 1893)
Known for his passionate watercolors of nature scenes and townscapes, the largest collection of Burchfield’s paintings, archives and journals are in the collection of the Burchfield Penney Art Center in Buffalo
*2004 – Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1941)
*2016 – David Bowie, singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (b. 1947)
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