46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) in the battle of Thapsus.
1199 – King Richard I of England dies from an infection following the removal of an arrow from his shoulder.
1580 – One of the largest earthquakes recorded in the history of England, Flanders, or Northern France, takes place.
1712 – The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 begins near Broadway.
1808 – John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company, that would eventually make him America’s first millionaire.
1841 – U.S. President John Tyler is sworn in, two days after having become President upon William Henry Harrison’s death.
1895 – Oscar Wilde is arrested in the Cadogan Hotel, London, after losing a libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry.
1896 – In Athens, the opening of the first modern Olympic Games is celebrated, 1,500 years after the original games are banned by Roman emperor Theodosius I.
1909 – Robert Peary and Matthew Henson reach the North Pole.
1930 – At the end of the Salt March, Gandhi raises a lump of mud and salt and declares, “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.”
1965 – Launch of Early Bird, the first commercial communications satellite to be placed in geosynchronous orbit.
1998 – Nuclear weapons testing: Pakistan tests medium-range missiles capable of reaching India.
Births
1483 – Raphael, Italian painter and architect (d. 1520)
1773 – James Mill, Scottish historian, economist, and philosopher (d. 1836)
1820 – Nadar, French photographer, journalist, and author (d. 1910)
1888 – Hans Richter, Swiss painter, illustrator, and director (d. 1976)
1903 – Harold Eugene Edgerton, American engineer and academic (d. 1990)
1928 – James Watson, American biologist, geneticist, and zoologist, Nobel Prize laureate
Deaths
1147 – Frederick II, duke of Swabia (b. 1090)
1520 – Raphael, Italian painter and architect (b. 1483)
1971 – Igor Stravinsky, Russian-American pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1882)
1992 – Isaac Asimov, American science fiction writer (b. 1920)
2015 – Ray Charles, American singer-songwriter and conductor (b. 1918)
2017 – Don Rickles, American actor and comedian (b. 1926)