AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title princeps iuventutis (head of the youth).
1461 – Wars of the Roses in England: Lancastrian King Henry VI is deposed by his House of York cousin, who then becomes King Edward IV.
1493 – Explorer Christopher Columbus arrives back in Lisbon, Portugal, aboard his ship Niña from his voyage to what are now The Bahamas and other islands in the Caribbean.
1519 – Hernán Cortés arrives in Mexico in search of the Aztec civilization and its wealth.
1675 – John Flamsteed is appointed the first Astronomer Royal of England.
1789 – In New York City, the first Congress of the United States meets at Federal Hall, putting the United States Constitution into effect. The United States Bill of Rights is written and proposed to Congress.
1790 – France is divided into 83 départements, cutting across the former provinces in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on ownership of land by the nobility.
1861 – The first national flag of the Confederate States of America (the “Stars and Bars”) is adopted.
1890 – The longest bridge in Great Britain, the Forth Bridge in Scotland, measuring 1,710 feet (520 m) long, is opened by the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII.
1957 – The S&P 500 stock market index is introduced, replacing the S&P 90.
1986 – The Soviet Vega 1 begins returning images of Halley’s Comet and the first images of its nucleus.
2018 – Former MI6 spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter are poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent in Salisbury, England, causing a diplomatic uproar that results in mass-expulsions of diplomats from all countries involved.
Births
1394 – Henry the Navigator, Portuguese explorer (d. 1460)
1678 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1741)
1745 – Casimir Pulaski, Polish-American general (d. 1779)
1856 – Alfred William Rich, English painter, author, and educator (d. 1921)
1906 – Avery Fisher, American violinist and engineer, founded Fisher Electronics (d. 1994)
1932 – Ed Roth, American illustrator (d. 2001)
1936 – Jim Clark, Scottish race car driver (d. 1968)
Deaths
1172 – Stephen III, king of Hungary (b. 1147)
1853 – Christian Leopold von Buch, German geologist and paleontologist (b. 1774)
1963 – William Carlos Williams, American poet, short story writer, and essayist (b. 1883)
1974 – Adolph Gottlieb, American painter and sculptor (b. 1903)
2007 – Thomas Eagleton, 38th Lieutenant Governor of Missouri (b. 1929)
2019 – Luke Perry, American actor (b. 1966)[14]