1508 – The League of Cambrai is formed by Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon as an alliance against Venice.
1520 – Martin Luther burns his copy of the papal bull Exsurge Domine outside Wittenberg’s Elster Gate.
1541 – Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are executed for having affairs with Catherine Howard, Queen of England and wife of Henry VIII.
1684 – Isaac Newton’s derivation of Kepler’s laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmond Halley.
1868 – The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps.
1884 – Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is published.
1901 – The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
1902 – The opening of the reservoir of the Aswan Dam in Egypt.
1906 – President Theodore Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the mediation of the Russo-Japanese War, becoming the first American to win a Nobel Prize.
1907 – The worst night of the Brown Dog riots in London, when 1,000 medical students clash with 400 police officers over the existence of a memorial for animals that have been vivisected.
1953 – British Prime Minister Winston Churchill receives the Nobel Prize in literature.
1968 – Japan’s biggest heist, the still-unsolved “300 million yen robbery”, is carried out in Tokyo.
1993 – The last shift leaves Wearmouth Colliery in Sunderland. The closure of the 156-year-old pit marks the end of the old County Durham coalfield, which had been in operation since the Middle Ages.
Births
1452 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1531)
1610 – Adriaen van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1685)
1787 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator, founded the American School for the Deaf (d. 1851)
1815 – Ada Lovelace, English mathematician and computer scientist (d. 1852)
1830 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (d. 1886)
1908 – Olivier Messiaen, French composer and ornithologist (d. 1992)
1911 – Chet Huntley, American journalist (d. 1974)
1956 – Rod Blagojevich, Corrupt politician as 40th Governor of Illinois
Deaths
925 – Sancho I, king of Pamplona
949 – Herman I, Duke of Swabia
1113 – Radwan, ruler of Aleppo
1310 – Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1271)
1896 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer, invented Dynamite and founded the Nobel Prize (b. 1833)
1909 – Red Cloud, American tribal chief (b. 1822)
1968 – Thomas Merton, American monk and author (b. 1915)
1990 – Armand Hammer, founded Occidental Petroleum (b. 1898)
1993 – Alice Tully, American soprano (b. 1902)
2005 – Eugene McCarthy, American poet, academic, and politician (b. 1916)
2006 – Augusto Pinochet, Chilean dictator as 30th President of Chile (b. 1915)