1299 – According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, considered to be the founding day of the Ottoman Empire.
1663 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.
1789 – The first U.S. federal government agency, the Department of Foreign Affairs, is established ( later renamed Department of State).
1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 “enemies of the Revolution”.
1862 – Sailing from San Francisco to Panama City, Panama, the SS Golden Gate catches fire and sinks off Manzanillo, Mexico, killing 231.
1890 – Vincent van Gogh shoots himself and dies two days later.
1921 – Researchers at the University of Toronto led by biochemist Frederick Banting prove that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar.
1929 – The Geneva Convention of 1929, dealing with the treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations.
Births
1768 – Charlotte Corday, French assassin of Jean-Paul Marat (d. 1793)
1777 – Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, English general (d. 1853)
1848 – Loránd Eötvös, Hungarian physicist and politician, Minister of Education of Hungary (d. 1919)
1889 – Vera Karalli, Russian ballerina, choreographer, and actress (d. 1972)
1903 – Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek jurist and politician, President of Greece (d. 2002)
1912 – Vernon Elliott, English bassoon player, composer, and conductor (d. 1996)
1913 – George L. Street III, American captain, Medal of Honor recipient
Deaths
1365 – Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1339)
1759 – Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician, and philosopher (b. 1698)
1770 – Robert Dinwiddie, Scottish merchant, and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1693)
1931 – Auguste Forel, Swiss myrmecologist (scientific studies of ants), neuroanatomist(scientific studies of the human nervous system), and psychiatrist (b. 1848)
1970 – António de Oliveira Salazar, Portuguese economist, and politician, 100th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1889)
1980 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iranian king (b. 1919)
2013 – Fernando Alonso, the Cuban dancer, co-founded the Cuban National Ballet (b. 1914)
2013 – Lindy Boggs, American politician, and diplomat, Fifth United States Ambassador to the Holy See (b. 1916)
